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Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), sometimes referred to as chronic otitis media (COM), is a chronic inflammation and often polymicrobial infection of the middle ear and mastoid cavity, characterised by ear discharge (otorrhoea) through a perforated tympanic membrane. The predominant symptoms of CSOM are ear discharge and hearing loss. Systemic antibiotics are commonly used to treat people with CSOM. This is the first update to the review published in 2021, and is one of a suite of seven Cochrane reviews evaluating the effects of non-surgical interventions for CSOM.

To identify factors influencing the completion of a three-dose course of weekly intramuscular benzathine penicillin G injections by adults and adolescents with syphilis of unknown duration or late syphilis.

This Review describes the burden of cardiovascular disease across Indigenous populations and contextualizes the potential drivers and contributors to inequalities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. The focus is on Indigenous populations across Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the USA, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, American Indian, Alaska Native, Canadian First Nations, Inuit, Métis, Māori, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander peoples.

Protection of newborns from infection can be achieved through maternal or vaccine-induced antibodies, but the factors influencing vaccine protection (correlate of protection) and subsequent infant immunity remain insufficiently understood. Further investigation is essential to optimize early-life vaccination strategies.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition caused by mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene. Recently licensed modulator therapies target the defective CFTR protein and have transformed the formerly life-limiting trajectory of people with CF (pwCF).

Enteric infectious diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are among the top ten causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Remarkable global investment has been dedicated to enteric infectious disease prevention and control; however, the shifting global health landscape is testing the continuance of progress.

Anthony Kicic BSc (Hons) PhD Head, Airway Epithelial Research; WA Cystic Fibrosis Research Collaborative Program Fellowship; Stan Perron Charitable

Spatial transcriptomic techniques provide a wealth of information useful in guiding drug development, while three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have demonstrated power in accelerating drug approvals. However, techniques for robust spatial analysis of 3D cultures are limited. Here, we present a transfection-based method for constructing cellular spheroids through a layer-by-layer approach, in which DNA barcodes encode the spatial positioning of cells.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of non-optimal temperatures and heatwaves, posing risks to public health, especially for children and young people. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impacts of (i) non-optimal ambient temperatures and (ii) heatwaves on mental health outcomes in this group globally.

Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor(ELX/TEZ/IVA) was safe and efficacious in children with CF 2-5y with at least one F508del allele in 24-week phase 3 Trial 445-111. Children who completed 445-111 were eligible for the long-term safety and efficacy extension trial.